F.Sc Biology Chapter 4 Notes
Molecular Biology
WHAT THE STUDENTS LEARNED
After learning this chapter, the students will be able to:
- Define biochemistry/molecular biology.
- Describe Briefly the different types of bonds found in biology (hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds, interactions, Ionic, hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions etc.).
- Distinguish carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids as the four basic biological molecules.
- Describe and draw sketches of the condensation synthesis and hydrolysis. processes for making and breaking of macromolecular polymers.
- State the qualities of water (high polarity, hydrogen bonding, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, cohesion, hydrophobic exclusion, ionization and lower density of ice) which allow it to be the medium of life.
- Define carbohydrates and group them.
- Compare and contrast the features and roles of monosaccharides and write their formulae.
- Compare the isomers and stereoisomers of glucose.
- Distinguish the features and roles of disaccharides.
- Describe the glycosidic link in disaccharides.
- Describe the structure, properties, and uses of polysaccharides starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin.
- Define protein, amino acid, and the known essential amino acid, and the structural formula of an amino acid.
- Outline the synthesis and breakdown of peptide linkages.
- Justify the significance of the sequence of amino acids through the case of sickle cell haemoglobin.
- Classify proteins as spherical and fibrous proteins.
- List the roles of structural proteins and functional proteins with 3 examples.
- Define lipids.
- Describe the qualities and roles of acylglycerols, phospholipids, terpenes, and waxes.
- Illustrate the molecular structure (making and breaking) of an acylglycerol, a phospholipid, and a terpene.
- Evaluate steroids and prostaglandins as important groups of lipids.
- Describe nucleic acids and the molecular makeup of nucleotides.
- Distinguish among the nitrogenous bases found in the nucleotides of nucleic acids.
- Outline the cases of a mononucleotide (ATP) and a dinucleotide (NAD).
- Illustrate the formation of a phosphodiester link.
- Explain the double helical structure of DNA as suggested by Watson and Crick.
- Explain the general arrangement of RNA.
- Distinguish in terms of functions and roles the three kinds of RNA.
- Discuss the Central Dogma.
- Define conjugated molecules and describe the features of common conjugated molecules i.e., glycolipids, glycoproteins, lipoproteins, and nucleoproteins.
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